BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ================================= General AI Textbooks -------------------- Artificial Intelligence, by Elaine Rich (McGraw-Hill) Principles of Artificial Intelligence, by Nils Nilsson (Springer Verlag) Artificial Intelligence, by Patrick Henry Winston (Addison Wesley) Artificial Intelligence, by Charniak and McDermott (???) AI Research Journals of note are Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science and Machine Learning. Other Research Work is to be found in Machine Intelligence, ed Donald Michie et al., proceedings of the biennial International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), Communications of the ACM, and International Journal of Man- Machine Studies. For news and information on the AI market, consult Expert Systems Strategies, ed. Paul Harmon. LISP and Prolog Textbooks ------------------------- LISP, by Patrick H. Winston and Berthold K.P. Horn (Addison Wesley) The Anatomy of LISP, by John Allen (McGraw-Hill) Artificial Intelligence Programming, by Charniak, Riesbeck and McDermott (Erlbaum) Common LISP: the Language, By Guy L. Steele, Jr (Digital) Programming in Prolog, by Clocksin and Mellish (Springer-Verlag ?) Implementations of Prolog, ed. by J.A. Campbell (Ellis Horwood) Logic ----- Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving, by Chang C.L. and Lee R.C. (Academic Press) Introduction to Modal Logic, and Companion to Modal Logic, by G.E. Hughes and M.J. Cresswell (Methuen) Fuzzy Logic and Approximate Reasoning, Synthese 30 (1975) 407-428, by Lofti Zadeh AI Programming (Charniak, Riesbeck and McDermott) examines the implementation of Non-Monotonic Reasoning Semantic Networks and Frame Systems ----------------------------------- General AI Textbooks handle Semantic Networks well. For details of frame system implementation (including code), see LISP (Winston and Horn) chapter 22, and Artificial Intelligence Programming (Charniak, Riesbeck and McDermott) chapter 15. Pattern Matching and Production Systems --------------------------------------- LISP (Winston and Horn) chapters 17 and 18 cover this, though not in any great depth. Pattern Directed Inference Systems, ed. by D.A. Waterman and F. Hayes-Roth. (Academic Press) looks a number of systems in detail. Search ------ Principles of AI (Nilsson) covers this well. Planning -------- Principles of AI (Nilsson) covers this well. ATNs ---- AI Programming (Charniak, Riesbeck and McDermott) chapter 18 examines the implementation of an ATN parser, but leave as an exercise for the reader the awkward problem of what to do if a parse fails. Metaknowledge ------------- The only easily accessible literature on this topic is specialized. General AI textbooks handle this poorly or not at all. You might try (1) Knowledge-Based Systems in Artificial Intelligence, by Randall Davis and Douglas B. Lenat, (McGraw-Hill) in which the section by Davis on Tieresias is relevant, and (2) Planning and Understanding, by Robert Wilensky, (Addison Wesley) which handles Metaknowledge. Machine Learning ---------------- AI (Elaine Rich) chapter 11 is a good introduction. Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence Approach, ed. Michalski, Carbonell and Mitchell (Tioga Press) is good further reading. AM and Eurisko -------------- Knowledge-Based Systems in AI (Davis and Lenat) covers AM in considerable detail, and even lists some of the code. For Eurisko, the original references are: (1) The Nature of Heuristics, Artificial Intelligence 19 (1982) 189-249, (2) Theory Formation by Heuristic Search, Artificial Intelligence 21 (1983) 31-59, and (3) EURISKO: A Program That Learns New Heuristics and Domain Concepts Artificial Intelligence 21 (1983) 61-98, by Douglas B. Lenat. Lenat's Paper in Machine Learning, and AI Approach is also worth reading. MYCIN ----- Rule-Based Expert Systems, ed. by Bruce G. Buchanan and Edward H. Shortliffe (???) A rational reconstruction of the MYCIN consultation system, Int. J. Man-Machine Studies (1984) 20, 229-317 by J. Cendrowska and M.A. Bramer is a good critique of MYCIN. As an appendix, a complete listing of RMYCIN in POP-2 is given. Acknowledgements ---------------- I have used material directly from Rule-Based Expert Systems (Buchanan and Shortliffe), Knowledge-Based Systems in Artificial Intelligence (Davis and Lenat). These are acknowledged in situ in the notes. I have also used material from Lenat, D.B., On automated scientific theory formation: a case study using the AM program, in Machine Intelligence 9 (ed. Hayes, Michie and Mikulich) (Halstead). I think Tuxedo Sam is a trade mark of Sanrio. Theakstons Old Peculier is my favourite beer.